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VACCINES
The Effectiveness of Immunizations
"Since coming into widespread use, immunizations have saved billions of lives around the world. They have enhanced the
quality of life, eliminated a huge burden of suffering and disability, and
contributed to the length of life. " As an example the chart below shows the
impact of immunization against rubella.
Reported rubella cases, United States,
1966-1997*
Rubella vaccine reduced rubella cases by 99.64% ,and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) deaths by 99.99%.
Source:
U.S. Department of Health &
Human Services
http://www.hhs.gov/nvpo/concepts/intro6.htm
SEE ALSO: are information sheets produced by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) that explain to vaccine recipients, their parents,
or their legal representatives both the benefits and risks of a vaccine. Federal
law requires that VISs be handed out whenever (before each dose) certain
vaccinations are given.
Institute for
Vaccine Safety
H1N1
Flu Vaccination Resources
Find a Flu Clinic
Hepatitis A (Havrix
®)
Inactivated virus vaccine.
Each 1-mL adult dose of vaccine consists of 1440 EL.U. of viral antigen.
Indicated for active immunization against disease caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV)
for persons ≥12 months of age.
- Primary immunization for adults consists of a single 1-mL dose by
intramuscular injection and a 1-mL booster dose administered anytime
between 6 and 12 months later in order to ensure the highest antibody
titers.
(Single-Dose Vials and Prefilled Syringes)
The vaccine is considered safe for use during
pregnancy [1, 2]. Compatible with breast feeding [3]
Hepatitis B (Recombivax HB ®
)
Inactivated (recombinant)
noninfectious vaccine.
Each 1 mL dose contains 10 mcg of hepatitis B surface antigen.
Indicated for vaccination against infection caused by all known subtypes
of hepatitis B virus.
- Adults 19 years of age and older: 1-mL dose by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle, at initial
visit, then one month and six months after the first dose, for a total of
three doses
(1 mL single-dose vials, or single-dose prefilled syringe with one-inch
23 gauge needle is provided separately)
Pregnancy and lactation are not contraindications to
vaccine [4].The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
recommends the use of hepatitis B vaccine for pregnant women at risk of
acquiring the disease [2]. Compatible with breast feeding '[3,5].
Influenza (Fluzone®)
Inactivated virus vaccine.
Indicated for active immunization against influenza disease caused by
influenza virus types A and B
- Adults 0.5 mL dose by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle
(0.5 mL syringe without needle, 0.5 mL Vial ; 5 mL vial. 5 mL vial
contains the preservative thimerosal)
The vaccine is recommended by the American College
of Obstetricians and Gynecologists " ...in the second and third trimester
during the flu season, and women at high risk for pulmonary
complications regardless of the trimester." [2] Pregnancy and lactation are not contraindications [5,6,7].
Pneumococcal (Pneumovax®)
Killed bacteria vaccine.
indicated for vaccination against pneumococcal disease
caused by those pneumococcal types included in the vaccine.
(Single dose and 5 dose vials)
The American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not consider the indications for the
vaccine to be altered by pregnancy. The vaccine is recommended for women
with asplenia, metabolic, renal, cardiopulmonoary diseases, smokers and
immunosuppressed patients [2,8]. Compatible with breast feeding [3].
Rubella (MERUVAX®II)
Live attenuated virus vaccine used to prevent infection
by
the rubella virus.
The dose for any age is 0.5 mL of reconstituted vaccine administered subcutaneously, preferably into the outer aspect of the upper arm. A 25 gauge, 5/8" needle is recommended.
(Single-dose vials of lyophilized vaccine with vials of diluent)
Indicated for vaccination against rubella in persons 12 months of age or older. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)
[2] recommends
that vaccination of women susceptible to rubella infection should be part of postpartum care.
References:
1. Duff B, Duff
P.Hepatitis A vaccine: ready for prime time.Obstet Gynecol.
1998;91(3):468-71.
MEDLINE
2.
ACOG Committee Opinion. Immunization
during pregnancy.Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:207-12.MEDLINE
3. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. General Recommendations on
Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practices (ACIP). MMWR 43 (No. RR-1): 20-21, 1994.
4.
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Hepatitis B Virus: A Comprehensive
Strategy for Eliminating Transmission in the United States Through Universal
Childhood Vaccination: Recommendations of the Immunization Practices
Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 40 (No. RR-13): 4, 1991.
5.Breastfeeding and Maternal Medication. Recommendations for Drugs in the
Eleventh WHO Model list of Essential Drugs. pp 23-24
World Health Organization, 2002. 20 Avenue Appia ,1211 Geneva ,Switzerland
6. Centers for
Disease Control & Prevention. Prevention and Control of Influenza:
Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
MMWR 47 (No. RR-6): 6, 1998.
7.
Fiore AE. et al. Prevention and control of influenza.
Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP),
2007.MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007 Jul 13;56(RR-6):1-54. PMID: 17625497
8. Centers for Disease
Control & Prevention. Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease: Recommendations of
the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 46 (No. RR-8):
6, 1997.
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