Biometry References

BIOMETRY REFERENCES:

Amniotic Fluid Index
1. Moore, T.R. and Cayle,J.E. (1990). The amniotic fluid index in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet. Gynecol., 162,1168-73

Transverse Colon Diameter
2. Goldstein, I.,Lockwood,C.J. and Hobbins, J.C. (1987). Ultrasound assessment of fetal intestinal development in the evaluation of gestaional age. Obstet Gynecol. 70, 682-6

Estimated Fetal Weight
3. Alexander GR,Himes JJ,Kaufman RB, Mor J,Kogan M.:A United States national reference for fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol 87:163, 1996

Humerus, Radius, and Ulna
4. Jeanty,P. and Romero, R. (1983)Normal values for the arm. In Romero,R.,Pilu,G.,Jeanty,P.,Ghidini, A., And Hobbins,J.C.(eds.)Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Anomalies ,p.323.(norwalk:Appleton & Lange)

Femur, Tibia, and Fibula
5. Jeanty, P. and Romero R. (1983). Normal values for the leg. In Romero, R., Pilu, G., Jeanty, P., Ghidini A. and Hobbins J.C.(eds.) Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Anomalies, Table 10-4, p 324.(Norwalk:Appleton & Lange)

Thoracic Circumference
6. Chitkara, U., Rosenberg J., Chervenak, FA et al 1987,Prenatal sonographic assessment of the fetal thorax:normal values. Am J Obstet Gynecol156,1069-74

Abdominal Circumference
7. Chitty,L.S., Altman DG,Henderson A,Campbell S (1993). Abdominal circumference derived from abdominal diameters. In Chervenak, F.A., Isaacson, G.C.,Campbell ,S.(eds.) Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology , Table A1-6, p 1780.(Boston:Little,Brown and Company)

Head Circumference
8. Romero,R.,Pilu,G.,Jeanty,P.,Ghidini, A., And Hobbins,J.C. (1988)The central nervous system. In:Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Anomalies ,p.56.Table I-15(Norwalk:Appleton & Lange)

Biparietal Diameter
9. Hadlock,F.P,Deter,R.L.,Harrist,R.B.,And Park,S.K. ,1984. Estimating fetal age: computer assisted analysis of multiple fetal growth parameters.Radiology,152,497-501.

Binocular Distance
10. Merz,E.,Wellek,S.,Puttmann,S.,Bahlman, F.,And Weber,G.(1995).Orbital diameter,interorbital and binocular diamters - a growth model for fetal orbital parameters.Ultraschall Med., 16,12-17

Transverse Cerebellar Diameter
11. Goldstein,I., Reece, E.A.,Pilu,G.,Bovicelli,T.Z.L. and Hobbins,J.C.(1987).Cerebellar measurements with ultrasonography in the evaluation of fetal growth and development. Am J. Obstet. Gynecol.,156,1065-9

Mandible Length
12. Otto,C. and Platt, L.D. (1991). The fetal mandible measurement: an objective determination of fetal jaw size. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol., 1,12-17.

Foot Length
13. Chervenak,F.A.,Isaacson,G.C. and Campbell,S (eds.)(1992).Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology,Volumes 1 and 2,Table A1-13,p.1783 (Boston:Little,Brown and Company)

Clavicle Length
14. Yarkoni, S., Schmidt, W.,Jeanty, P. et al.(1985).Clavicle measurement: a new biometric parameter for fetal evaluation.J.Ultrasound Med 4,467-70.

RI and S/D ratio
15. Kofinas AD, Espeland MA, Penry M, Swain M, Hatjis CG (1992).Uteroplacental Doppler flow velocity waveform indices in normal pregnancy: a statistical exercise and the development of appropriate reference values. Am J Perinatol. 1992 Mar;9(2):94-101.

Kidney AP Diameter
16. Chervenak,F.A.,Isaacson,G.C. and Campbell,S (eds.)(1992).Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology,Volumes 1 and 2,Table A1-16,p.1785 (Boston:Little,Brown and Company)

Kidney Length
17. Chervenak,F.A.,Isaacson,G.C. and Campbell,S (eds.)(1992).Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology,Volumes 1 and 2,Table A1-15,p.1784 (Boston:Little,Brown and Company)