A decrease in the fetal heart rate below the baseline heart rate lasting at
least 15 seconds.
In an obstetrical history the gravida (G) and para (P) status of a woman is
often written in abbreviated form. Where:
For example
a woman who has been pregnant 3 times (where one pregnancy was a set of
triplets) has one term delivery, one preterm delivery (of her triplets), and one
termination at 16 weeks would be described as:
Gravida (Total number of pregnancies), Term births -Preterm births -
Abortions - Living children
In expanded form the woman with triplets from the previous example would be described as G
3, P 1- 1- 1- 4 indicating
3 pregnancies, 1 term delivery, 1 preterm delivery, 1 miscarriage or termination of
pregnancy, and 4 living children.
Diabetes
A condition in which a person has an abnormally
high amount of sugar (glucose) in their blood. Diabetes occurs when the
body does not produce insulin, the substance in the body that lowers blood
sugar, or the cells in the body do not respond to insulin .
Overt diabetes may be diagnosed if any of the following criteria are present
- Fasting* plasma glucose (FPG) greater than or equal to 7 mmol/L
(126 mg/dl )
- Hemoglobin A1 C (A1C) is 6.5% or higher,
- Random plasma glucose greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L ( 200
mg/dl ) in a patent with symptoms of hyperglycemia or in hyperglycemic
crisis.. Should be confirmed by FPG or A1C
- 2 hour plasma glucose
greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) during an 75 g OGTT as
described by the WHO. Results should be confirmed on repeat testing if
hyperglycemia is equivocal .
* Fasting= no caloric intake for at least 8 hours.
Classification of Diabetes
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM): Inability to produce insulin
caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. T1DM patients
have a propensity to develop ketoacidosis. Previously termed
insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes.
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Insulin resistance in muscle and
liver with β-cell failure leading to inadequate insulin secretion .
Previously termed noninsulin-dependent diabetes .
- Other: Diabetes due to other specific causes such as cystic
fibrosis or drug induced (glucocorticoids).
- Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) : Carbohydrate intolerance
with onset or recognition during pregnancy that is not overt diabetes.
REFERENCE:
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2015 Diabetes Care Volume 38,
Supplement 1, January 2015 page 58, 59
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/suppl/2014/12/23/38.Supplement_1.DC1/January_Supplement_Combined_Final.6-99.pdf
Accessed 11/14/2015
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
[1]
Plasma glucose >250 mg/dL* , arterial pH <7.3 ,
and positive serum and/or urine ketones (especially 3β-hydroxybutyrate)
| Severity |
Arterial
pH |
Serum
bicarbonate (mEq/L) |
Mental
status |
| Mild |
7.25-7.30
|
15-18 |
alert
|
| Moderate |
7 - 7.24 |
10 to <15 |
drowsy |
| Severe |
<7
|
<10
|
stupor/
coma |
* DKA may occur with relatively low blood sugar
levels during pregnancy
Precipitating Factors for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in
Pregnancy [2]
Protracted vomiting, starvation , use of β-sympathomimetic agents for
tocolysis, infection, new-onset diabetes ,poor control of blood sugars or
poor compliance with treatment , insulin pump failure ,steroid use for
fetal lung maturation or chronic medical disorder
REFERENCES
1. Kitabchi AE, et al., Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes.
Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1335-43. doi: 10.2337/dc09-9032.
PMID: 19564476
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.long
2.
Diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy. Sibai BM, Viteri OA.Obstet Gynecol.
2014 Jan;123(1):167-78. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000060. PMID: 24463678
3.
Guo RX, et. al., Diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy tends to occur at lower
blood glucose levels: case-control study and a case report of euglycemic
diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008
Jun;34(3):324-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00720.x.PMID: 18588610
4. Chico M, et. al., Normoglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy. J
Perinatol. 2008 Apr;28(4):310-2. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211921. PMID: 18379571
5. Tarif N, Al Badr W. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy. Saudi J
Kidney Dis Transpl. 2007 Nov;18(4):590-3. PMID: 17951948
6. Himuro H, et al., A case of a woman with late-pregnancy-onset DKA who had
normal glucose tolerance in the first trimester. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case
Rep. 2014;2014:130085. doi: 10.1530/EDM-13-0085. Epub 2014 Apr 1. PMID:
24711923
7. Maislos M, et al., Diabetic ketoacidosis. A rare complication of
gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1992 Aug;15(8):968-70. PMID: 1505328
Diamniotic
Two separate amniotic sacs (bags of water)
Diaphragm
The muscle used for breathing . It divides the chest from the abdomen.
Diaphragmatic hernia (congenital
diaphragmatic hernia -CDH)
An abnormal opening in the diaphragm (most often on
the left side) caused by
failure to completely form the diaphragm. The defect allows
the abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity which may prevent normal
development of the lungs. The condition is associated with a 30 to
60% death rate due to underdeveloped lungs and associated abnormalities such as
heart defects, malformed or absent kidneys, and hydrocephalus. The presence of
the liver in the chest generally increases the likelihood of a
poor outcome.
Diaphragmatic hernia occurs in one per 2,000 to 3,000 births. Chromosome abnormalities are seen in up to 15% of fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia. The most common
chromosome abnormalities are trisomy 18,
and trisomy 21. The defect has also been reported in association with multiple
syndromes including Fryn and Cornelia de Lange syndromes.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia may be diagnosed prenatally on ultrasound.
The usual finding is a heart displaced away from the side of the hernia and the
presence of the stomach in the chest at the level of the heart.
Dichorionic
Two separate placentas.
Dilation and curettage (D and C)
A surgical procedure in which the cervix is gradually opened
with instruments called dilators and the surface of the endometrium
(lining of the uterus) is scraped away with a curette, a
sharp-edged instrument.
Dizygotic twins (fraternal twins)
|
A twin pregnancy most commonly
occurs when two separate eggs are fertilized by separate sperm to form two
zygotes. Each zygote implants in the uterus individually and develops its
own membranes and placenta. The two zygotes continue to develop as two
separate embryos. These twins are referred to as
dizygotic (commonly known as fraternal) twins. Fraternal twins
account for about 70 % of naturally occurring twins in the United States .
|
 |
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
A disorder characterized by mental retardation, flat facial profile with
protruding tongue, poor muscle tone, excess skin on neck, slanting
eye openings (slanted palpebral fissures),
abnormal pelvis, and short stature. In addition there may be heart defects (AV
canal defect) , gastrointestinal malformations, problems with vision and hearing,
and increased susceptibility to leukemia and
infections. The syndrome is named
after John Langdon Down, the first physician to identify the syndrome.
Down syndrome occurs in one out of 800 live births and is caused by extra material from
chromosome 21. In most cases (95%) there are three copies of chromosome 21
instead of two. In 90% of these cases the extra chromosome is inherited from the
mother. The recurrence risk for this type of Down syndrome is 1% overall and
increases the mother's age increases. Extra
material from chromosome 21 may also be inherited as a translocation where the
extra 21 chromosome is attached on to another chromosome (often chromosome 14). This
form of Down
syndrome has a much higher recurrence rate ranging from 5 to 100% depending on
on the sex of the carrier parent and
the type of chromosome rearrangement. Uncommonly a child may be born with mosaic
Down syndrome where some of the child's cells have three copies of chromosome 21 and some cells have the normal two
copies of chromosome 21.
Findings on ultrasound examination that strongly suggest the diagnosis of
Down syndrome are an atrioventricular (AV) canal defect in the heart or
duodenal atresia (double bubble sign). An increased nuchal translucency or
nuchal fold (the space in the back of a developing fetus's neck) may also suggest
Down syndrome. However, none of the above findings is exclusive to Down syndrome
and, ultimately, Down syndrome is diagnosed by analyzing
cells from the fetus.
Due date (estimated due date-EDD)
The date that spontaneous onset of labor is expected to occur.
Dystocia
Slow or difficult labor caused by inadequate uterine contractions,
abnormalities in the maternal pelvis, a large fetus or a combination of these
causes.
Doppler ultrasound
A method using ultrasound to detect and measure blood flow.
The ultrasound machine emits sound waves into
the body then measures the frequency of the sound waves returning from moving
blood cells to determine the speed (velocity) of blood flow. As cells approach the ultrasound transducer reflected sound waves are compressed
resulting in a higher frequency sound. As cells travel away from the transducer the
reflected waves are elongated
resulting in a lower frequency sound. This change in
frequency (pitch of the sound) is due to the motion of the reflecting
cells and is called The
Doppler Effect or Doppler shift.
Blood velocities can be calculated from the change in frequency of
the reflected ultrasound:
Where v is the blood velocity, c is the sound velocity in tissue, f0
is the transmitted frequency, fD is the Doppler shift of reflected ultrasound and α is the angle between the ultrasound beam and the direction of motion.
